Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under visible light by cobalt ferrite nanoparticles/graphene quantum dots

• Vo Chau Ngoc Anh,
• Le Thi Thanh Nhi,
• Le Thi Kim Dung,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Truong Son,
• Nguyen Thi Thao Uyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Uyen Thu,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Le Trung Hieu,
• Tran Ngoc Tuyen and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 475–489, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.43

• photocorrosion and exhibits excellent reusability for the degradation process. The mechanism of MB degradation over the CF/GQDs catalyst is illustrated in Scheme 2. Under visible light irradiation, photogenerated holes (h+) are created in the valence bands via the transfer of photogenerated electrons (e−) from

Bismuth-based nanostructured photocatalysts for the remediation of antibiotics and organic dyes

• Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo and
• Faisal Suleiman Mustafa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 291–321, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.26

• ] prepared 1-D Bi2WO6 nanofibers with a flower-like morphology by using a hydrothermal process for the degradation of rhodamine B dye. Under visible-light irradiation, the 1-D nanofiber photocatalyst reached a degradation rate of 78.2% after 50 min. Because of their extraordinarily small size, 0-D

• dye degradation after 180 min under visible-light irradiation. 2-D nanostructured materials are thought to function more effectively in photocatalytic processes than 3-D nanostructured photocatalysts [88][102][106][124]. This is because photogenerated carriers in a 2-D structure can rise from a deeper

• pure Bi2WO6 (82.8%), the dopant significantly increased the tetracycline-degrading activity, which reached 94.6% within 1 h of visible light irradiation. Additionally, Irfan et al. [148] used a bi-solvent sol–gel technique to synthesise porous bismuth ferrite nanostructures with various morphological

Structural, optical, and bioimaging characterization of carbon quantum dots solvothermally synthesized from o-phenylenediamine

• Zoran M. Marković,
• Milica D. Budimir,
• Martin Danko,
• Dušan D. Milivojević,
• Pavel Kubat,
• Danica Z. Zmejkoski,
• Vladimir B. Pavlović,
• Marija M. Mojsin,
• Milena J. Stevanović and
• Biljana M. Todorović Marković

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 165–174, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.17

• and thermally stable, quasi-spherical, photoluminescent material with very good antibacterial and anticancer properties under visible light irradiation [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. This material has very good biocompatibility, including low dark cytotoxicity and good cell proliferation

• (nitrogen, chlorine, and fluorine) affected structural properties and ROS production with or without visible light irradiation. In addition, we examined antibacterial and cytotoxic properties. An important issue is the preparation of CQDs and polymer-based composites and their possible antibacterial

Photoelectrochemical water oxidation over TiO₂ nanotubes modified with MoS₂ and g-C₃N₄

• Phuong Hoang Nguyen,
• Thi Minh Cao,
• Tho Truong Nguyen,
• Hien Duy Tong and
• Viet Van Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1541–1550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.127

• of the photo-response under visible-light irradiation at 0.63 V in Figure 6c. A current density of about 38.6 µA/cm2 was obtained with the g-C3N4/TNAs even after five cycles, which is nearly ten times higher than that of pure TNAs. The current density of MoS2/TNAs is even higher than that of g-C3N4

• incorporation of TNAs with MoS2 and g-C3N4 are all of type II. Type-II heterostructures promote the migration of h+ and e− under visible-light irradiation. Electrons can move from the conduction band (CB) of MoS2 or g-C3N4 to the CB of TNAs in MoS2/TNAs or g-C3N4/TNAs, respectively. In contrast, holes will

A TiO₂@MWCNTs nanocomposite photoanode for solar-driven water splitting

• Anh Quynh Huu Le,
• Ngoc Nhu Thi Nguyen,
• Hai Duy Tran,
• Van-Huy Nguyen and
• Le-Hai Tran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1520–1530, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.125

• 1.0 V of voltage, the current density of the TiO2@MWCNTs electrode is about 30 times (D) and 10 times (L) higher than that of the TiO2 one. The results reveal that the TiO2@MWCNTs-based photoelectrochemical electrode is an effective photoelectrochemical catalyst under visible-light irradiation. Figure

• [46]. For the TiO2@MWCNTs nanocomposite, the TiO2 agglomerates attached to the MWCNTs are found to prevent the recombination of the h+/e− pairs and the H+/O− couples. Furthermore, excitons in the MWCNT structure can absorb visible-light irradiation and accordingly produce a sub-cathode current [8

Recent trends in Bi-based nanomaterials: challenges, fabrication, enhancement techniques, and environmental applications

• Vishal Dutta,
• Ankush Chauhan,
• Ritesh Verma,
• C. Gopalkrishnan and
• Van-Huy Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1316–1336, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.109

• the Bi–O–X photocatalytic system improved the system. In this work, they found that the RhB elimination percentage over Bi5O7Br is 85% after 120 min of UV–visible-light irradiation, and the reaction rate constant was measured as 1.496 h−1·m−2. In contrast, the reaction rate constant for BiOBr was

• increase in the overlap between Bi 6s and O 2p orbitals, a reduced charge transfer route, and strange floating features. In another approach, Huang et al. reported a one-step hydrothermal synthesis of a BiIO4/Bi2MoO6 hybrid photocatalyst for photodegradation of RhB dye [56]. Under visible-light irradiation

• . The sample calcinated at 750 °C revealed the highest photocatalytic performance. Hamza et al. fabricated Bi2(CrO4)3 nanoparticles via a facile precipitation technique [59]. The photocatalytic activity of the Bi2(CrO4)3 nanoparticles was studied under UV, AM 1.5, and visible-light irradiation, and

Rapid fabrication of MgO@g-C₃N₄ heterojunctions for photocatalytic nitric oxide removal

• Minh-Thuan Pham,
• Duyen P. H. Tran,
• Xuan-Thanh Bui and
• Sheng-Jie You

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1141–1154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.96

• heterojunction photocatalysts were synthesized by one-step pyrolysis of MgO and urea at 550 °C for two hours. The photocatalytic NO removal efficiency of the MgO@g-C3N4 heterojunctions was significantly improved and reached a maximum value of 75.4% under visible light irradiation. Differential reflectance

• and 5% MgO@g-C3N4 in the visible and UV range, which increased the photocatalytic performance under visible light irradiation. The PL results confirmed the presence of vacancies in the MgO@g-C3N4 heterojunctions. MgO@g-C3N4 is promising for large-scale fabrication via this simple and fast method. This

Spindle-like MIL101(Fe) decorated with Bi₂O₃ nanoparticles for enhanced degradation of chlortetracycline under visible-light irradiation

• Chen-chen Hao,
• Fang-yan Chen,
• Kun Bian,
• Yu-bin Tang and
• Wei-long Shi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1038–1050, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.91

• nanoparticles. Photocatalytic test The photocatalytic activity of the prepared samples was evaluated by the degradation of chlortetracycline (CTC) under visible-light irradiation. The test method is similar to what has been described in [35]. In a typical reaction, 30 mg of photocatalysts were added to 100 mL

• To evaluate the photocatalytic activity of BOM-20, the photodegradation of chlortetracycline (CTC) under visible-light irradiation was conducted. It can be seen from Figure 6a that Bi2O3 shows poor adsorption and photocatalytic activity, and the CTC removal rate is only 40% within 120 min. MIL101(Fe

• Figure 8b,c, no signals of •O2− and •OH were found in dark conditions. However, the strong characteristic signals of •O2− and •OH were detected after visible-light irradiation for 10 min, which demonstrated that •O2− and •OH were produced during the photodegradation process. Figure 8d shows that the

Solar-light-driven LaFe_xNi_1−xO₃ perovskite oxides for photocatalytic Fenton-like reaction to degrade organic pollutants

• Chao-Wei Huang,
• Shu-Yu Hsu,
• Jun-Han Lin,
• Yun Jhou,
• Wei-Yu Chen,
• Kun-Yi Andrew Lin,
• Yu-Tang Lin and
• Van-Huy Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 882–895, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.79

• nanoparticles via the sol–gel method to decompose rhodamine-B under visible light irradiation. With the assistance of H2O2, it shows a synergistic effect between photocatalytic reaction and heterogeneous photo-Fenton-like reaction [23]. Furthermore, the strategies of being loaded over supports (such as g-C3N4

• , methylene blue, and rhodamine B under visible light irradiation. Their optimal sample was LaFe0.85Cu0.15O3, which could remove dyes much more efficiently due to more generation of hydroxyl radicals than pure LaFeO3 [31]. Ni-doped LaFeO3 was ubiquitously employed as a photo/thermal catalyst or a catalyst

• H2O2), as shown in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S4a. It could be observed that in the case of no catalyst added, the degradation was only 2.2% after 120 min, suggesting that H2O2 might not be easy to form ∙OH radicals under visible light irradiation to carry out the degradation reaction. Then

Hierarchical Bi₂WO₆/TiO₂-nanotube composites derived from natural cellulose for visible-light photocatalytic treatment of pollutants

• Zehao Lin,
• Zhan Yang and
• Jianguo Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 745–762, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.66

• − units [22]. The hybridized O 2p and Bi 6s orbitals in the conduction band of the material contribute to the effective transfer of photoinduced electron−hole pairs, resulting in good photocatalytic properties under visible-light irradiation [23][24]. However, there is still room for improvement of the

• reduction of Cr(VI) or degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) under visible-light irradiation (λ > 420 nm), they exhibited excellent photocatalytic activities. This was due to the unique hierarchical network structures of the composite as well as the uniformly and compactly built heterostructures in between TiO2

• nanocomposite was set as the representative photocatalyst for the exploration of optimal pH values of the Cr(VI) pollutant solution under visible-light irradiation. It was demonstrated that the reduction efficiency of Cr(VI) under the alkaline condition was poor because the newly formed Cr(OH)3 precipitates

Sodium doping in brookite TiO₂ enhances its photocatalytic activity

• Boxiang Zhuang,
• Honglong Shi,
• Honglei Zhang and
• Zeqian Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 599–609, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.52

• exceeded four times that of P25 under visible light irradiation [8]. The degradation of methyl orange by brookite nanoflowers was much more efficient than that by anatase nanorods [9]. Moreover, the heterojunction of brookite TiO2 can enhance the photocatalytic activity (e.g., the rutile/brookite TiO2

A comprehensive review on electrospun nanohybrid membranes for wastewater treatment

• Senuri Kumarage,
• Imalka Munaweera and
• Nilwala Kottegoda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 137–159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.10

Tin dioxide nanomaterial-based photocatalysts for nitrogen oxide oxidation: a review

• Viet Van Pham,
• Hong-Huy Tran,
• Thao Kim Truong and
• Thi Minh Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 96–113, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.7

• and acetone [75]. The presence of graphene induces the formation of SnO2 and introduces Sn vacancies, which supports the electron transfer from the CB of Zn2SnO4 to oxygen under visible light irradiation (Figure 12). The authors only used a visible light LED with low power (3 W) and obtained a high

• contributed to improving the charge separation, significantly reducing indoor NO under visible light irradiation. The optimized composite removed 57% of the initial NO while generating a negligible amount of NO2. In addition, this work found that the insertion of graphene quantum dots did not induce any

• subject to CC BY 4.0. NO photocatalytic degradation of materials under visible light irradiation (a), the dependence of concentration on irradiation time (b), photochemical stability of SnO2/TNTs (c), and NO removal efficacy and NO2 conversion efficacy (d). Figure 9 was reprinted from [38], Chemosphere

Nanoporous and nonporous conjugated donor–acceptor polymer semiconductors for photocatalytic hydrogen production

• Zhao-Qi Sheng,
• Yu-Qin Xing,
• Yan Chen,
• Guang Zhang,
• Shi-Yong Liu and
• Long Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 607–623, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.50

• generate hydrogen under visible-light irradiation, for the first time. After that, g-C3N4 triggered substantial research interest [12][13][14]. Various strategies have been developed to improve the PHP activity of g-C3N4, such as introducing heterojunctions [15][16][17], copolymerization [18][19][20

• edges of the frameworks to delicately tune the bandgaps of conjugated polymers. Among them, three polymers, that is, P2, P3, and P4 (Figure 2), showed suitable bandgaps of ca. 2.2 eV, and conferred HERs of 4.72, 9.15, and 2.90 μmol·h−1 (10 mg), respectively, under visible-light irradiation [46][47]. The

Boosting of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution via chlorine doping of polymeric carbon nitride

• Malgorzata Aleksandrzak,
• Michalina Kijaczko,
• Wojciech Kukulka,
• Daria Baranowska,
• Martyna Baca,
• Beata Zielinska and
• Ewa Mijowska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 473–484, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.38

• three cycles of light on–off, the performance of both electrodes tends to stabilize, indicating that the photocatalysts are stable under visible-light irradiation [55]. The measurements obtained from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are shown in Figure 9b. It is known that the arc radius of

Nanocasting synthesis of BiFeO₃ nanoparticles with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity

• Thomas Cadenbach,
• Maria J. Benitez,
• A. Lucia Morales,
• Cesar Costa Vera,
• Luis Lascano,
• Francisco Quiroz,
• Alexis Debut and
• Karla Vizuete

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1822–1833, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.164

• wet impregnation process and a calcination procedure with intermediate plateaus, monodisperse 5.5 nm BiFeO3 nanoparticles were successfully obtained. Furthermore, the nanoparticles were applied in photodegradation reactions of rhodamine B in aqueous solution under visible-light irradiation. Notably

• , the cast BiFeO3 nanoparticles demonstrated very high efficiencies and stability under visible-light irradiation, much higher than those of BiFeO3 nanoparticles synthesized by other synthetic methods. The possible mechanism in the photodegradation process has been deeply discussed on the basis of

• samples was evaluated using RhB as a model organic pollutant that is extremely stable under visible-light irradiation in the absence of a photocatalyst [28][51]. The photodegradation experiments clearly show that RhB has been degraded by the BiFeO3-0 5.5 nm catalyst as the intensity of the maximum

A few-layer graphene/chlorin e6 hybrid nanomaterial and its application in photodynamic therapy against Candida albicans

• Selene Acosta,
• Carlos Moreno-Aguilar,
• Dania Hernández-Sánchez,
• Beatriz Morales-Cruzado,
• Erick Sarmiento-Gomez,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Luis Octavio Sánchez-Vargas and
• Mildred Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1054–1061, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.90

• -Ce6 and pristine Ce6 samples were exposed to SOSG and photoactivated during 5, 10, and 15 min of visible light irradiation at 632 nm at an incident power of 150 mW. When analyzed using fluorescence spectroscopy, it was observed that ROS production is up to 5-fold higher in FLG-Ce6 than in pristine Ce6

Synthesis and enhanced photocatalytic performance of 0D/2D CuO/tourmaline composite photocatalysts

• Changqiang Yu,
• Min Wen,
• Zhen Tong,
• Shuhua Li,
• Yanhong Yin,
• Xianbin Liu,
• Yesheng Li,
• Tongxiang Liang,
• Ziping Wu and
• Dionysios D. Dionysiou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 407–416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.31

• ) spectra were analyzed using an A300 spectrometer (Bruker, Germany) with DMPO as a free radical scavenger under visible light irradiation (λ = 420 nm) for 20 min. The surface properties were characterized via an ASAP 2020 instrument (Micromeritics, USA). The zeta potential was measured with a ZETASIZER

• , volume = 100 mL, temperature = 25 °C. EPR signals of (e) DMPO-•OH and (f) DMPO-O2•− adducts of the CuO and CuO/tourmaline composite under visible-light irradiation. (a) MB degradation over the CuO/tourmaline-4:1 composite with different initial solution pH. Experimental conditions: [MB]0 = 0.01 g L−1

Direct observation of oxygen-vacancy formation and structural changes in Bi₂WO₆ nanoflakes induced by electron irradiation

• Hong-long Shi,
• Bin Zou,
• Zi-an Li,
• Min-ting Luo and
• Wen-zhong Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1434–1442, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.141

• ][2][3], and pyroelectric and non-linear optical properties [4][5]. Recently, Bi2WO6 has shown good performance in the degradation of organic compounds [6][7][8], and photocatalytic oxygen evolution [9][10] and CO2 reduction [11][12][13] under visible-light irradiation. Bi2WO6 is the simplest member

• of the sample was measured by the degradation of methylene blue under visible-light irradiation using a 300W Xe lamp, which is shown in Figure 1d. After irradiation for 3 h, the degradation efficiency of the sample increases to over 80%. This may result from the high concentration of surface dangling

• (condenser lens aperture) opening of 70 μm. Experiments of photocatalytic activity The photocatalytic activity of the samples was determined by measuring the degradation of methylene blue (MB) under visible-light irradiation using a 300 W Xe lamp with a 420 nm cut-off filter. In the experiment, 40 mg Bi2WO6

BiOCl/TiO₂/diatomite composites with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity for the degradation of rhodamine B

• Minlin Ao,
• Kun Liu,
• Xuekun Tang,
• Zishun Li,
• Qian Peng and
• Jing Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1412–1422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.139

• Abstract A BiOCl/TiO2/diatomite (BTD) composite was synthesized via a modified sol–gel method and precipitation/calcination method for application as a photocatalyst and shows promise for degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater upon visible-light irradiation. In the composite, diatomite was used as

• degradation product and visible light (λ > 400 nm) was used as the light source for the evaluation of the photocatalytic properties of the prepared BTD composite. The results show that the catalytic performance of the BTD composite under visible-light irradiation is much higher than that of TiO2 or BiOCl

• CHI700E) with blue light (400–450 nm) irradiation. The steady-state photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the samples were detected by using a Hitachi F-7000 fluorescence spectrophotometer with excitation at 280 nm. Photocatalytic activity tests With visible-light irradiation, the photocatalytic activity was

Construction of a 0D/1D composite based on Au nanoparticles/CuBi₂O₄ microrods for efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity

• Weilong Shi,
• Mingyang Li,
• Hongji Ren,
• Feng Guo,
• Xiliu Huang,
• Yu Shi and
• Yubin Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1360–1367, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.134

• degradation of organic contaminants in water [13][14]. However, bare CuBi2O4 shows poor photocatalytic performance under visible-light irradiation because of the rapid recombination rate of photo-induced charge carriers and the low chemical affinity to substrate ions. This results in only a small portion of

• rationally designed and prepared by a facile in situ thermal reduction–precipitation method. The fabricated Au/CBO composites showed a higher photocatalytic activity in the removal of a typical antibiotic (tetracycline, TC, 10 mg/L) under visible-light irradiation (λ > 420 nm) than pristine CBO. Furthermore

• the higher-energy peak (531.6 eV) might be attributed to hydroxy groups on the surface [35][36]. The photocatalytic activity of the prepared photocatalysts was investigated by the degradation of TC under visible-light irradiation (λ > 420 nm). C and C0 are the final and the initial concentration of TC

Photoactive nanoarchitectures based on clays incorporating TiO₂ and ZnO nanoparticles

• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky,
• Pilar Aranda,
• Marwa Akkari,
• Nithima Khaorapapong and
• Makoto Ogawa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1140–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.114

• ′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) intercalated in the interlayer space was complexed with TiO2 NPs [166]. The resulting material shows enhanced stability toward visible-light irradiation, if compared with the TiO2 (P25) standard material photosensitized by an analogous commercially available photosensitizer (tris(2,2

• ′ -bipyridine-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid)ruthenium(II) dichloride, abbreviated as Ru470). The stability of the two samples was compared by measuring the color change after visible-light irradiation from a solar simulator. The colour of the clay nanoarchitecture (hereafter abbreviated as [Ru(bpy)3]2+–TiO2@clay) did

• with TiO2 due to the hybrid structure (at an appropriate distance). The [Ru(bpy)3]2+–TiO2@clay induced the direct oxidation of aqueous benzene to phenol under visible-light irradiation (Figure 6). The oxidation of aqueous benzene to phenol was very efficient (the maximum yield of benzene conversion and

Synthesis of novel C-doped g-C₃N₄ nanosheets coupled with CdIn₂S₄ for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

• Jingshuai Chen,
• Chang-Jie Mao,
• Helin Niu and
• Ji-Ming Song

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 912–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.92

• μmol h−1 g−1). In addition, the hybrid photocatalysts display good recycling stability under visible-light irradiation. This research may provide promising information for the preparation of more efficient multifunctional hybrid photocatalysts with excellent stability in fine chemical engineering

• , Huang et al. fabricated self-doped C-atom g-C3N4 via self-assembly, which exhibited highly efficient photocatalytic activity of H2 evolution under visible-light irradiation [22]. Moreover, the construction of a heterojunction composite is an effective approach to facilitate the separation of

• photogenerated charge carriers and further improve the performance of photocatalysts. Wang et al. synthesized In2S3–CdIn2S4 nanotubes with hierarchical heterostructure by a self-templated method, which exhibited efficient and stable photocatalytic activity of CO2 reduction under visible-light irradiation [32

Exploring the photoleakage current and photoinduced negative bias instability in amorphous InGaZnO thin-film transistors with various active layer thicknesses

• Dapeng Wang and
• Mamoru Furuta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2573–2580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.239

• visible light irradiation exceeded ≈2.7 eV. Furthermore, the influence of the TIGZO on NBIS-induced instability in a-IGZO TFTs was explored by the combination of current–voltage measurements in double-sweeping VGS mode and capacitance–voltage measurements. The NBIS-induced hysteresis was quantitatively

• because of its excellent electrical and optical properties [5][6][7][8]. Although the band gap of IGZO (≈3.1 eV) is higher than the photon energy of visible light, photoinduced leakage current under visible-light irradiation can be detected in the oxide-based TFTs [9][10]. This is due to the fact that the

• . The photoleakage current increased in all TFTs when the wavelength of visible-light irradiation was shorter than 460 nm. Moreover, the photoleakage current increased with an increase in the TIGZO. Furthermore, the impact of the active layer thickness on the NBIS-induced instability in a-IGZO TFTs was

Nanocellulose: Recent advances and its prospects in environmental remediation

• Katrina Pui Yee Shak,
• Yean Ling Pang and
• Shee Keat Mah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2479–2498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.232

• ]. Although cellulose alone exhibits limited photocatalytic activity under UV or visible light irradiation, many semiconductor materials have been added to enhance the photocatalytic activity. Several research groups have demonstrated photocatalytic wastewater treatment using cellulose-based metal oxide

• nanostructures in the form of thin film, membrane, fibre and hybrid materials under UV and visible light irradiation. Nanocellulose–metal oxide (TiO2, ZnO, graphene oxide, and Fe2O3) composites have been used as photocatalysts to improve the degradation rate of organic pollutants as compared to individual

• ]. Mohamed et al. [121] reported that the optical properties of a transparent nanocellulose/TiO2 hybrid thin film were imperative for the UV or visible light irradiation. This led to the enhancement of the electron distribution and transfer to the surface of metal oxide. Consequently, the recombination rate